"It was very likely (>90% confidence) there was at least a 2.5 times increase in the odds of extreme heat due to human influences using simulations to 2005, and a fivefold increase in this risk using simulations for 2006–2020."

"In summary, we detect limited evidence of a change in the relationship between ENSO and SE Australia extreme rainfall, or of a change in extreme rainfall itself, that may be attributed to anthropogenic climate change."

"Despite the potential contribution of all factors examined here, the extreme magnitude of the event appears to arise mainly from unforced internal climatic variations."

"CMIP5 simulations suggest that the extremely warm year observed over Australia and the far western Pacific during 2013 was largely attributable to human forcing of the climate system."

"Anthropogenic climate change has caused a very large increase in the likelihood of extreme events such as the record Australia-wide average temperatures in September, spring, and the 2013 calendar year."

"Human activity has increased the risk of experiencing the hot Australian summer of 2012/13, as measured by simulated heat wave frequency and intensity, by two- and three-fold, respectively."

"Record high September maximum temperatures over Australia arose from a combination of a strongly anomalous atmospheric circulation pattern, background warming, and dry and warm antecedent land-surface conditions."

"The record heat of 2013 across inland eastern Australia was caused by a combination of anthropogenic warming and extreme drought."

"Although climate models generally suggest that Australia’s Millennium Drought was mostly due to multidecadal variability, some late-twentieth-century changes in climate modes that influence regional rainfall are partially attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse warming."

"Climate model simulations for 2014 indicate anthropogenic climate change very likely increased the likelihood of hot and very hot November days in Brisbane by at least 25% and 44% respectively."

"Anthropogenic climate change very likely increased the likelihood of prolonged heat waves like that experienced in Adelaide in January 2014 by at least 16%."

"The record warm Australian spring of 2014 would likely not have occurred without increases in CO2 over the last 50 years working in concert with an upper-level wave train."

"Anthropogenic activity has increased the risk of Australian heatwaves during late autumn similar to the 2014 event by up to 23-fold, compared to climate conditions under no anthropogenic influence."

"Anthropogenic climate change very likely increased the likelihood of prolonged heat waves like that experienced in Adelaide in January 2014 by at least 16%. The influence for Melbourne is less clear."

"It is likely that human influences on climate increased the odds of the extreme high pressure anomalies south of Australia in August 2014 that were associated with frosts, lowland snowfalls and reduced rainfall."

"Anthropogenic climate change was found to have a substantial influence on southern Australia’s extreme heat in October 2015. The relative influence of El Niño conditions was less clear."

"Using a seasonal forecasting framework for attribution, we find that half of the record heat anomaly across Australia in October 2015 can be attributed to increasing CO2, with much of the rest due to internal atmospheric variability."

"Anthropogenic climate change and El Niño made small but significant contributions to increasing the likelihood of record low rainfall in October 2015 in Tasmania. Atmospheric variability was the main contributor."

"Over Australia, the simulations do not exhibit any trend, consistent with no trend in the observations."

"We found that climate change has dramatically increased the likelihood of very hot March months like that of 2016 in the Coral Sea. We estimate that there is at least a 175 times increase in likelihood of hot March months because of the human influence on the climate."

"Average summer temperatures like those seen [in New South Wales] during 2016-2017 are now at least 50 times more likely in the current climate than in the past, before global warming began."

"Global climate models indicate it is very likely to be that the occurrence of an extreme warming event of this duration or intensity in this region is respectively ≥330 times and ≥6.8 times as likely to be due to the influence of anthropogenic climate change."

"The effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 on the extreme September 2016 rainfall across southeastern Australia was minimal, with changes in circulation and static stability driving a tendency towards drier conditions."

"Warmth in the east Indian Ocean increased the likelihood of the record wet July–September in southeast Australia by at least a factor two. The role of climate change was minimal."

"Human influence may have enhanced the circulation pattern that drives cold outbreaks and frost risk over southwest Western Australia in September 2016, but larger thermodynamic changes may have still made these events less likely."

"Extreme vapor pressure deficits (VPD) have been associated with enhanced wildfire risk. Using one model, we found for 2015/16 that human influences quintupled the risk of extreme VPD for western North America and increased the risk for extratropical Australia."

"February 2017 saw a broad region with record fire weather across central-eastern Australia. A hybrid attribution technique using modified observations and a seasonal forecast framework did not give a clear signal as to the influence of increasing atmospheric CO2 on the fire weather."

"Two GCM ensembles indicate that the record sea surface temperatures during the 2017/18 Tasman Sea marine heatwave were virtually impossible without anthropogenic influence. However, natural variability was important in the atmospheric initiation of the event."

"Two of the longest and most intense marine heat waves in 2016 were up to fifty times more likely due to anthropogenic climate change."

"Anthropogenic greenhouse gases likely increased the risk of the extreme Great Barrier Reef bleaching event through anomalously high sea surface temperature and the accumulation of thermal stress."

"Factors including the circulation pattern and antecedent conditions contributed to 2018 northeast Australian fires. High background temperatures also played a role for which model evidence suggests an anthropogenic influence."

"We find that about half of the October 2015 Australia-wide temperature anomaly is due to the increase in atmospheric CO2 since 1960."

"Suppressing" effect of human-caused climate change identified.

"No significant effect" of human-caused climate change identified.

"[W]e find that climate change has induced a higher weather-induced risk of such an extreme fire season. This trend is mainly driven by the increase of temperature extremes."

"In the more recent period (2001–2020), the signal of global warming is very clear, as the [multi-model mean] 20-year averages are more than two standard deviations drier than the multi-model preindustrial decadal variability."

"Approximately half of the unusual warmth was attributed to climate change, with the likelihood of breaking the previous record at least 17 times higher in the current climate compared to a stationary pre-industrial climate (14% vs. 0.4%)."

"Anthropogenic forcing intensified the rainfall deficits of the Tinderbox Drought by around 18%"

"Climate model analysis confirms that human influence on the climate system is responsible for the rapid warming in recent decades."